Patellofemoral pain
syndrome (PFPS)

The structures in your lower body are designed to work in a coordinated sequence to produce uninhibited movement. When correctly aligned, your knee cap facilitates smooth gliding at the knee as your powerful leg muscles contract to propel you forward and upward.

Pain occurring at the front of the knee and around the kneecap can signal a serious problem that, if ignored, may grow worse over time, especially if you are an athlete or are physically active. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), also known as runner’s knee, is an umbrella term that covers a range of knee issues commonly found in runners and athletes.

Knee Anatomy

Your knee is the most complex joint in your body, responsible for transferring huge force loads during physical activity. Its structures include four bones: the patella (knee cap), the femur (thigh bone), and the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg. The knee is stabilized by muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and menisci.

As a hinge joint, your knee enables you to stand, sit, walk run and jump. Synovial fluid within the joint capsule lubricates the knee to help it glide smoothly during flexion and extension. Two types of cartilage, meniscus and articular, provide shock absorption and help the bones to move smoothly against one another with minimal friction.

Incidence of PFPS

PFPS is the most common type of knee pain, with its locus in the area surrounding and underneath the knee cap. The syndrome is most common in runners and cyclists, but it can occur in anyone who is physically active, and even in people who sit too much. In professional cyclists, the incidence of PFPS is as high as 40 percent, but it is even more prevalent in runners, ranking as the number one running injury.

Causes of PFPS

Knee injuries are common in athletics, especially strains, sprains, and tears of the ligaments and menisci. But the most common cause of knee pain is overuse, where repetitive motion leads to wear and tear. PFPS is a type of overuse injury.

Common factors contributing to PFPS include:

• Muscle imbalances that cause the knee to track less efficiently
• Tight inflexible muscles that inhibit movement
• Faulty movement mechanics that place excessive stress on the structures of the knee
• Poor gait mechanics when walking and running
• Repetitive overuse with inadequate recovery
• Sudden changes in type, duration, frequency or intensity of physical activity
• Worn or poorly fitting footwear
• Sedentary lifestyle with excessive sitting

Often there are multiple factors at play in cases of PFPS. Most non-traumatic knee pain can be resolved with conservative treatment methods.

Diagnosis of PFPS

At NYDNRehab, we use dynamic diagnostic ultrasound to locate and visualize the structures of the knee. During diagnosis, both patient and clinician are able to view the images on the monitor, and the patient is able to provide feedback. Ultrasound imaging allows us to view the knee in motion, in real time, to identify the source of pain. Because diagnostic ultrasound give us immediate results, we can quickly proceed to devise an individualized treatment plan.

TREATMENT at NYDNRehab

After a thorough clinical evaluation, we create an individualized treatment strategy that may include a combination of some or all of the following:

• Gait and jumping analysis using 3D motion capture force plate technology
• Manual release techniques to restore knee alignment and patellar gliding
• C.A.R.E.N (Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment), a multi-sensory virtual reality environment used to train motor control
• Sophisticated video feedback with surface EMG for runners and athletes
• Training on our antigravity AlterG treadmill
• Force-plate video feedback training
• Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT)

The sports medicine professionals at NYDNRehab take a holistic approach to treatment, with the end goal of restoring pain-free function and enhancing athletic performance.